AP World History Unit 9: Reform Movements & Resistance to Globalization Practice Test

Question

Easy

Foundation • Question 1 of 35

In 1948, South Africa’s National Party formally expanded apartheid, classifying people by race and restricting residence, movement, and political rights.

Why did opposition to apartheid become an international as well as domestic movement?

A. European colonial powers unanimously supported immediate majority rule. B. Apartheid applied equally to all South African citizens regardless of race. C. Activists connected South African racial rule to global human-rights and decolonization campaigns. D. The United Nations directly governed South Africa after 1948.

Answer 1

Easy

Foundation • Question 1 of 35

In 1948, South Africa’s National Party formally expanded apartheid, classifying people by race and restricting residence, movement, and political rights.

Why did opposition to apartheid become an international as well as domestic movement?

A. European colonial powers unanimously supported immediate majority rule. B. Apartheid applied equally to all South African citizens regardless of race. C. Activists connected South African racial rule to global human-rights and decolonization campaigns. D. The United Nations directly governed South Africa after 1948.

Answer 2

Easy

Foundation • Question 2 of 35

The 1955 Freedom Charter declared that “South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white.”

Which political principle did the charter most directly challenge?

A. A racial state that reserved political power and land rights for a white minority. B. A colonial administration governed directly from London. C. A federal system granting equal sovereignty to independent provinces. D. A communist system of collective agriculture imposed by the Soviet Union.

Answer 3

Easy

Foundation • Question 3 of 35

International campaigns urged consumers and institutions to boycott South African goods and investments.

What mechanism made these campaigns a form of transnational activism?

A. They sought to increase foreign investment in segregated industries. B. They required foreign armies to occupy South African ports. C. They replaced political protest with humanitarian relief alone. D. They attempted to use economic choices outside South Africa to raise the costs of apartheid inside South Africa.

Answer 4

Easy

Foundation • Question 4 of 35

The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in many public accommodations and employment practices.

Which broader twentieth-century trend does this law represent?

A. Civil-rights activism sought to abolish constitutional government. B. Reform movements used state legislation to challenge entrenched racial discrimination. C. Industrialization ended political mobilization based on race. D. Decolonization transferred U.S. sovereignty to the United Nations.

Answer 5

Easy

Foundation • Question 5 of 35

Martin Luther King Jr. drew on Christian ethics, U.S. constitutional ideals, and Gandhian nonviolence.

What does this combination demonstrate about modern reform movements?

A. Gandhi’s methods were adopted without modification in every later movement. B. Activists could adapt ideas and tactics from multiple intellectual and transnational traditions. C. Nonviolent protest originated exclusively in the United States. D. Religious arguments prevented movements from making political claims.

Answer 6

Easy

Foundation • Question 6 of 35

The 1968 Mexico City Olympics featured a Black Power salute by U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos.

Why is this event useful evidence for studying globalization and protest?

A. Olympic athletes represented nongovernmental organizations rather than states. B. International sport prohibited political symbolism and therefore received no media attention. C. The protest ended racial inequality in the United States. D. A global media spectacle provided activists a platform to publicize a domestic racial struggle internationally.

Answer 7

Easy

Foundation • Question 7 of 35

The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women created an international framework for women’s rights.

Which limitation should a historian keep in mind when using the convention as evidence of change?

A. Adoption of an international norm does not prove that every state implemented it fully in law or practice. B. The convention demonstrates that women had no political rights before 1979. C. International treaties automatically override all domestic law everywhere. D. The agreement focused only on women in Western Europe.

Answer 8

Easy

Foundation • Question 8 of 35

Women’s movements in different countries campaigned over voting, education, reproductive policy, labor rights, family law, and violence.

Which conclusion best avoids oversimplifying global feminism?

A. All women’s organizations adopted identical goals and tactics after 1945. B. Feminist movements developed only in industrialized Western states. C. Shared concerns existed, but priorities differed because political, economic, and cultural conditions varied. D. International conferences replaced local organizing.

Answer 9

Easy

Foundation • Question 9 of 35

The Chipko movement in India became known for villagers, including many women, resisting commercial logging in Himalayan forests.

Which issue did the movement most directly connect?

A. Environmental protection with local livelihoods and community control of resources. B. Urban civil rights with public transportation segregation. C. Nuclear deterrence with military alliance politics. D. Free trade with multinational banking regulation.

Answer 10

Easy

Foundation • Question 10 of 35

Green parties gained electoral support in several European countries beginning in the late twentieth century.

What distinguishes this development from environmental protest alone?

A. Their primary goal was to recreate European colonial empires. B. Environmentalism rejected participation in representative government everywhere. C. Ecological concerns were translated into formal party politics and legislative competition. D. Green parties sought to restore coal as the dominant energy source.

Answer 11

Medium

Application • Question 11 of 35

The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro brought governments and civil-society groups together to discuss environment and development.

Which tension became especially visible in such negotiations?

A. Developing countries rejected economic growth as a policy goal. B. States disagreed over how environmental responsibilities should be shared between richer industrialized countries and developing economies. C. All countries had identical historical emissions and development needs. D. Environmental agreements required the immediate end of international trade.

Answer 12

Medium

Application • Question 12 of 35

Indigenous activists have used international forums to argue for land rights, cultural protection, and political recognition.

Why can international networks be useful to movements whose claims are locally rooted?

A. They require Indigenous communities to abandon local identities. B. They automatically transfer disputed land to international organizations. C. They eliminate the need for domestic courts and political negotiation. D. They can publicize local disputes and invoke broader human-rights norms to pressure national governments.

Answer 13

Medium

Application • Question 13 of 35

The 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples addressed culture, identity, land, and self-determination.

Which statement best describes the significance of such declarations?

A. They create a single sovereign Indigenous government with authority over all member states. B. They erase differences among Indigenous peoples and their political demands. C. They automatically invalidate every existing national land law. D. They establish international norms that activists can invoke even when enforcement depends heavily on states.

Answer 14

Medium

Application • Question 14 of 35

In the 1990s, protesters criticized the World Trade Organization for rules they believed favored corporations over labor, environmental, or local interests.

What does this criticism reveal about resistance to globalization?

A. The WTO controlled national elections in member states. B. Opponents often contested the rules governing global integration rather than rejecting all international exchange. C. Antiglobalization movements uniformly demanded complete national economic isolation. D. Protesters opposed every form of communication technology.

Answer 15

Medium

Application • Question 15 of 35

The 1999 Seattle WTO protests included labor unions, environmental groups, students, and activists from multiple causes.

Why is the coalition historically significant?

A. The protests ended the WTO permanently. B. The coalition was organized by national governments rather than civil society. C. Different movements identified global trade governance as affecting several kinds of social and economic interests. D. All participating groups agreed on one detailed economic program.

Answer 16

Medium

Application • Question 16 of 35

Fair-trade certification attempts to guarantee certain labor or producer standards for commodities such as coffee and cocoa.

Which strategy does fair trade represent?

A. Using consumer markets to reward production practices judged more equitable or sustainable. B. Banning all commodity exports from developing economies. C. Replacing private trade with state rationing. D. Ending price differences among all agricultural products.

Answer 17

Medium

Application • Question 17 of 35

Labor activists have targeted multinational brands over wages and factory conditions in overseas supply chains.

Why are brand campaigns possible in a globalized economy?

A. Consumers have no access to information about production locations. B. A company’s reputation in consumer markets can be linked to labor practices at distant suppliers. C. Multinational firms own every factory that produces goods bearing their labels. D. International law guarantees identical wages in all countries.

Answer 18

Medium

Application • Question 18 of 35

Some governments imposed tariffs or local-content rules to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Which political argument most commonly supports such policies?

A. Economic integration can impose concentrated costs on domestic workers or strategic industries even when trade produces broader gains. B. Trade restrictions guarantee technological innovation in protected firms. C. Tariffs always lower consumer prices by increasing import competition. D. Protectionism eliminates the need for domestic taxation.

Answer 19

Medium

Application • Question 19 of 35

The Brexit referendum campaign included arguments about sovereignty, migration, regulation, and economic integration.

Why is Brexit useful for studying resistance to globalization?

A. It demonstrates that European integration had already abolished national governments. B. The referendum was primarily a campaign to join the Soviet-led economic bloc. C. Brexit ended all trade and migration between Britain and Europe. D. It shows that regional integration can generate political backlash when voters perceive losses of control or uneven benefits.

Answer 20

Medium

Application • Question 20 of 35

Religious revival movements expanded in several societies during the late twentieth century despite rapid modernization.

Which assumption does this development challenge?

A. Religious movements can grow only in economically isolated societies. B. Global communications prevent the spread of religious ideas. C. Modernization and globalization do not necessarily cause religion to disappear from public life. D. Urbanization automatically produces secular political systems.

Answer 21

Medium

Application • Question 21 of 35

Iran’s 1979 revolution mobilized opposition to the shah using Shi’a religious language alongside criticism of authoritarian rule and foreign influence.

Which interpretation best fits this evidence?

A. Iranian revolutionaries sought restoration of European colonial rule. B. The movement rejected all modern communications and urban political organization. C. Religious politics could become a vehicle for resistance to both domestic regimes and perceived external domination. D. The revolution was caused solely by a decline in oil production.

Answer 22

Medium

Application • Question 22 of 35

Some governments have restricted immigration in response to public concerns over employment, security, or cultural change.

What does this response demonstrate about globalization?

A. Globalization has eliminated citizenship and passport controls. B. Migration policy is determined exclusively by international organizations. C. Restrictions prove that cross-border migration has ended. D. States retain substantial authority over borders even when economic and social networks are transnational.

Answer 23

Medium

Application • Question 23 of 35

France has debated restrictions on conspicuous religious symbols in public schools.

Which broader tension is reflected in such debates?

A. International institutions dictate identical church-state relations to all countries. B. Governments may balance secular public institutions, individual rights, and increasingly diverse populations in contested ways. C. Migration eliminates national legal traditions immediately. D. Religious diversity makes state policy impossible.

Answer 24

Medium

Application • Question 24 of 35

The Zapatista uprising in Mexico began in 1994 as NAFTA took effect, combining Indigenous rights claims with criticism of economic policies.

Why is the movement difficult to classify as simply “anti-trade”?

A. Its demands joined local land and Indigenous concerns to criticism of how economic integration was structured. B. It rejected Indigenous political identity in favor of unrestricted migration. C. The Zapatistas sought to restore Spanish colonial rule. D. The movement’s only goal was to increase foreign corporate ownership of Chiapas.

Answer 25

Medium

Application • Question 25 of 35

Activists used email, independent websites, and later social media to coordinate protests across countries.

What changed when reform movements adopted digital communication?

A. Coordination and information sharing could occur more rapidly across long distances, although surveillance and misinformation also remained possible. B. Digital tools guaranteed successful political reform. C. Online activism eliminated the need for organizations and face-to-face protest. D. Governments lost all ability to monitor political networks.

Answer 26

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 26 of 35

The Arab Spring protests of 2010–2011 used social media but also depended on unemployment grievances, authoritarian politics, unions, mosques, and street organization.

Which conclusion best avoids technological determinism?

A. The protests occurred without preexisting political or economic grievances. B. Digital media facilitated communication, but political mobilization resulted from a combination of social grievances and offline institutions. C. Social media alone caused identical political outcomes in every Arab state. D. Internet access prevented governments from using coercive force.

Answer 27

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 27 of 35

Black Lives Matter demonstrations spread internationally after highly publicized police killings in the United States.

What does the international spread of the slogan illustrate?

A. International demonstrations transferred policing authority to the United Nations. B. Digital diffusion prevents movements from changing their message across societies. C. A movement rooted in one national context can be adapted by activists addressing related local issues elsewhere. D. Transnational activism requires identical racial histories in every country.

Answer 28

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 28 of 35

Climate activists have organized school strikes and coordinated demonstrations across many countries.

Why is climate activism especially suited to transnational organization?

A. Climate change is produced only by international organizations. B. National governments have no environmental policy authority. C. Environmental protest can succeed only if all states adopt identical energy systems. D. Greenhouse-gas emissions and climate effects cross national borders, so activists frame the problem as requiring coordinated action.

Answer 29

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 29 of 35

OPEC members coordinated petroleum production policies in an effort to increase producer influence over world oil markets.

Which form of resistance to an unequal global economy is illustrated here?

A. Oil producers abandoned participation in international markets. B. OPEC transferred ownership of petroleum reserves to consumer states. C. Resource-exporting states used collective action to strengthen bargaining power over a strategic commodity. D. Members eliminated all differences in national oil policy.

Answer 30

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 30 of 35

Developing countries at UN forums argued for a New International Economic Order in the 1970s.

What grievance most directly motivated these proposals?

A. Political independence had not eliminated unequal terms of trade, commodity dependence, and disparities in control over finance and technology. B. The proposals sought to abolish sovereign control over natural resources. C. Decolonized states wanted European empires to regain political sovereignty. D. Developing states opposed all industrialization and foreign technology.

Answer 31

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 31 of 35

Debt-relief campaigns argued that heavy sovereign debt limited spending on health, education, and development in poorer countries.

Which feature of globalization did these campaigns target?

A. The disappearance of international finance after Bretton Woods. B. The replacement of currencies by barter in developing economies. C. The legal prohibition on government borrowing from foreign creditors. D. The social consequences of international lending and debt relationships.

Answer 32

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 32 of 35

Opposition to genetically modified crops has included environmental concerns, food-safety claims, farmer-rights arguments, and criticism of seed patents.

What larger pattern of backlash against economic integration does this case illustrate?

A. Seed debates occur independently of international trade and corporations. B. One technology can generate distinct objections involving ecology, health, corporate power, and intellectual property. C. All critics oppose agricultural productivity and scientific research. D. GM crops are regulated only by the United Nations.

Answer 33

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 33 of 35

Campaigns for access to HIV/AIDS medicines challenged pharmaceutical patent protections when drug prices were unaffordable in poorer countries.

Which conflict is most directly illustrated?

A. Global health campaigns sought to prohibit all medical research. B. Intellectual-property incentives for pharmaceutical innovation can conflict with demands for affordable public-health access. C. Patent rules guarantee identical medicine prices in every country. D. The dispute ended the role of governments in regulating drugs.

Answer 34

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 34 of 35

A government promotes domestic manufacturing through subsidies while continuing to participate heavily in international trade.

Which conclusion best describes this policy?

A. Globalization requires identical economic policy in every state. B. Any industrial subsidy proves that a country has adopted complete autarky. C. Economic nationalism can coexist with globalization when states try to shape the terms of their integration. D. Participation in global trade prevents governments from using industrial policy.

Answer 35

Hard

Advanced reasoning • Question 35 of 35

Reform movements after 1945 increasingly exchanged slogans, tactics, funding, and information across borders.

Which continuity remained important despite this transnational networking?

A. Movements still had to confront specific national laws, governments, social structures, and local constituencies. B. All movements became controlled by one global organization. C. Local history ceased to influence political demands. D. National political systems disappeared as soon as activists used international networks.

AP World History Unit 9: Reform Movements & Resistance to Globalization Practice Test

How to use this test

35-question targeted practice

Foundation • Question 1 of 35

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Advanced reasoning • Question 26 of 35

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Advanced reasoning • Question 30 of 35

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Advanced reasoning • Question 32 of 35

Advanced reasoning • Question 33 of 35

Advanced reasoning • Question 34 of 35

Advanced reasoning • Question 35 of 35

Distinguish reform goals, methods, and targets

Choose the next practice from your actual weakness